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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Evidence for diet-induced thermogenesis in hyperphagic cafeteria-fed rats
- Michael J. Stock, Nancy J. Rothwell
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- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 41 / Issue 2 / June 1982
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- 28 February 2007, pp. 133-135
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Central control of brown adipose tissue
- Nancy J Rothwell
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- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 48 / Issue 2 / July 1989
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- 28 February 2007, pp. 197-206
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20 - Sites and mechanisms of IL-1 action in ischemic and excitotoxic brain damage
- from Part VI - Inflammation
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- By Stuart M. Allan, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, Robert I. Grundy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, Lisa C. Parker, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, Nancy J. Rothwell, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, England
- Edited by Pak H. Chan, Stanford University, California
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- Cerebrovascular Disease
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- 02 November 2009
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- 28 March 2002, pp 237-246
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Summary
Cytokines and ischemic brain damage
Cytokines are polypeptides that include the families of interleukins (IL-1), tumor necrosis factors (TNF), interferons and growth factors with diverse actions on development, inflammation, tissue injury and repair in almost all cells in the body. The past decade has witnessed increasing interest in the functions and importance of cytokines in central nervous system biology and pathology.
Most cytokines are produced at low levels in healthy adult brains, but many are upregulated rapidly in response to injury, infection or inflammation in the brain including cerebral ischemia. The influence of cytokines on ischemic brain damage appears to be diverse and complex. While several cytokines have clearly identified neurotrophic or neuroprotective effects (e.g., IL-6, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)), others have been implicated as mediators of cell damage (most notably IL-1), while for some (such as TNF-α) both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects have been identified. This review will focus on the actions of IL-1 on ischemic brain damage and recent findings about its mechanisms of action.
IL-1 expression in stroke
IL-1, IL-1α and IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) are all rapidly produced in response to experimental stroke and excitotoxic and traumatic brain injury in rodents. Temporal studies on expression indicate that IL-1β is produced most extensively and rapidly, initially by microglia and meningeal macrophages and later by astrocytes and invading immune cells.
11 - Central control of metabolic and thermoregulatory responses to injury
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- By Angela L. Cooper, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Nancy J. Rothwell, School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester
- Edited by Nancy J. Rothwell, University of Manchester, Frank Berkenbosch, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- Brain Control of Responses to Trauma
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- 15 September 1994, pp 260-294
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Introduction
Changes in body temperature and metabolism (energy and substrate metabolism) are common features of many disease states, and have been well documented following various forms of tissue injury. Body temperature is a precisely regulated phenomenon such that core temperature (most probably brain temperature) is normally maintained within a narrow range by physiological controls operating on heat loss and heat production (metabolic rate). In contrast, energy metabolism is highly variable, depending on the balance between energy intake and expenditure (heat production and physical work). Nevertheless, there is extensive evidence that this balance between energy input and output remains remarkably constant over long periods of time in many organisms, including humans. Thus total body energy content, mainly in the form of fat and protein, can be stable for months or even years. The physiological regulation of body temperature and energy metabolism, which are both under direct control of the central nervous system (CNS), are closely related. The regulation of core temperature is achieved by controls operating on heat loss and heat production, with the latter predominating in many situations. Thus, development of fever is almost always associated with increased rates of heat production and, if sustained, these will lead to depletion of body energy stores and weight loss which are confounded by reduced levels of food intake. In contrast, increased heat production, if not fully compensated by enhanced heat loss, will lead to a rise in body temperature, although this does not necessarily manifest itself as ‘fever’ according to strict physiological definition.
For these reasons, the central control of body temperature and the metabolic rate response to injury will be considered in parallel. Alterations in specific nutrient metabolism (e.g. protein and lipid metabolism) following injury are numerous and complex, and will therefore not be reviewed in detail, although it is obvious that these both influence and are directly dependent on variations in core temperature and metabolic rate.
Basic aspects of thermoregulation and metabolic rate - definitions and measurement
Body temperature is most reliably determined from measurements of deep core temperature, i.e. gut or brain temperature. Rectal temperature can provide a reliable index of this parameter but is sometimes inconvenient, while oral temperature may be unreliable. In experimental animals, core temperature is usually determined by insertion of a thermocouple beyond the rectal sphincter into the colon.
1 - Introduction
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- By Nancy J. Rothwell, School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester,
- Edited by Nancy J. Rothwell, University of Manchester, Frank Berkenbosch, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- Brain Control of Responses to Trauma
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- 15 September 1994, pp 1-2
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Summary
It is obvious to most biologists and clinicians that in mammals the central nervous system coordinates and regulates many complex physiological events. In order to do this, it must receive information from the internal and external environment, integrate this information and elicit appropriate efferent signals required to respond to a stimulus and maintain homeostatic function.
The concept of the brain as a regulator of responses to pathogenic insults is somewhat recent and still poses many unanswered questions. This may have resulted in part from a tendency for studies on injury and inflammation to focus on local tissue factors and immune mediators. It has, of course, long been known that certain aspects of the host defence response, such as fever, are under central nervous system control. However, concepts such as the effects of stress on susceptibility to disease, or the sustained psychological responses following trauma, were only poorly understood and were considered by some to be undefined and unsuitable for rigorous scientific analysis. This situation is changing rapidly, not least because of the identification of molecules and mechanisms underlying direct communications between the brain and the immune system, and the realisation that these are not distinct and unrelated biological entities.
The objectives of this book have been to discuss current knowledge about how the brain responds to and influences host responses to trauma, and to consider the mechanisms of these interactions, the clinical relevance and potential for novel therapeutic interventions. In spite of enormous advances in this field over the past decade, it will be clear that for each question that has been answered, a number of others have been raised. The planning of this book and most of the work in editing was carried out collaboratively with Dr Frank Berkenbosch at the University of Amsterdam. Frank died tragically at the age of only thirty-nine, shortly before completion of this book. With the agreement of all of the contributors, the book has been dedicated to his memory. I believe that this is a fitting tribute, not simply because of his work on many of the subjects covered in this book, or because of his scientific and social interaction with several of the contributors, but also because the very nature of the subject closely reflects Frank's outstanding contribution to scientific research.
3 - Experimental approaches to the central nervous system control of responses to trauma
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- By Roderick A. Little, North Western Injury Research Centre, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Nancy J. Rothwell, School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester
- Edited by Nancy J. Rothwell, University of Manchester, Frank Berkenbosch, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- Brain Control of Responses to Trauma
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- 15 September 1994, pp 22-31
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Summary
Introduction
The 1990s has been proclaimed the ‘decade of the brain’, reflecting intense and rapidly expanding research into basic neurosciences and neurological disorders. This development has arisen from fundamental scientific advances in understanding the processes within the brain and the interactions and mechanisms by which the central nervous system (CNS) responds to and controls peripheral systems, and from the increasing prevalence of neurological disorders. Of particular relevance to this book have been the important advances made in the field of neuroimmunology, where multiple, bidirectional communications have been observed between the nervous system and the immune system. Increased awareness of the impact of psychological status on responses to disease and injury, and long-term effects of trauma on subsequent behaviour might further contribute to our basic understanding of clinical management of trauma patients. Unravelling the role of the brain in controlling responses to injury and the complex interactions between the CNS and host defence responses is a daunting but exciting challenge, with enormous potential benefits. Specific aspects of this subject are discussed in detail elsewhere in this book. However, in this chapter we attempt to introduce the experimental approaches available for studying CNS control of responses to trauma, and to consider their relative advantages and associated ethical, logistic and scientific drawbacks and limitations.
Problems of research into trauma
Ideally, scientific research is based on experimental testing of defined hypotheses. However, even in controlled animal or cellular systems this ideal is often difficult to achieve, and studies on normal humans or onpatients present more serious and often insurmountable problems. Biological research has moved towards more reductionist approaches where studies on isolated cell systems and molecular mechanisms can provide definitive answers and clearly defined experimental systems. However, for many problems in biological and clinical research, of which the present topic is an excellent example, a more integrated approach is necessary, since numerous cells, organs and physiological systems are involved. Research on patients has provided many important data that may relate directly to underlying mechanisms of pathology and can lead to novel treatments. However, this is usually descriptive, since any interventions must be considered in the context of overriding clinical priorities and the well-being of the patient. Data derived from patients also suffer from diversity of the extent of injury, the time of onset, concurrent therapies and variations on the normal physiology (e.g. age, sex, underlying pathological considerations).
Contents
- Edited by Nancy J. Rothwell, University of Manchester, Frank Berkenbosch, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- Brain Control of Responses to Trauma
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- 15 September 1994, pp vii-vii
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13 - The final word …
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- By Nancy J. Rothwell, School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester
- Edited by Nancy J. Rothwell, University of Manchester, Frank Berkenbosch, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- Brain Control of Responses to Trauma
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- 15 September 1994, pp 332-333
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Summary
Trauma, even when restricted to a single, specific site, has effects influencing almost every homeostatic function and body system. This diverse response might be a delight to scientists, but often proves a nightmare to the clinician faced with numerous and sometimes conflicting symptoms, which in many cases have to be considered and treated independently. We hope that such diversity has been largely represented in the topics discussed in this book, although a discussion of all possible responses to trauma which might be influenced by the central nervous system (CNS) might run to several volumes.
It has been recognised for many decades that the brain directly influences or controls certain effects of trauma, such as chronic behavioural changes, pain, cardiovascular responses and disruptions in thermoregulation. The primary concern of the clinician is the acute management of the trauma patient. However, it is increasingly apparent that these associated responses directly influence outcome. Obvious examples of this are the impact on survival of body temperature, oxygen availability and cardiovascular function. Beyond the early critical phase, CNS-controlled responses clearly have profound effects on recovery time, subsequent quality of life and independence. More surprising has been the realisation that immune function and local inflammatory responses are markedly influenced by the CNS. Indeed, perhaps there is no component of the trauma patient that is not, in some way, affected by the brain.
These discoveries and the recent findings described in the various chapters unfortunately raise as many questions as they answer, but perhaps the realisation of the complexity of the problems and the interactions within the CNS is, in itself, a major step forward. The topic of CNS responses to trauma represents an excellent example of integrated research, involving numerous discplines and a parallel growth of basic research and clinical studies. Investigation into the interactions between the brain and the immune system, and in particular the role, actions and mechanisms of actions of immune mediators such as cytokines, has greatly facilitated our understanding of the responses to trauma. Future advances are likely to benefit from further dialogue and collaboration between scientists and clinicians.
Specific pathways and mechanisms that influence the body's response to traumatic insults have been identified.
Brain Control of Responses to Trauma
- Edited by Nancy J. Rothwell, Frank Berkenbosch
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- 05 August 2016
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- 15 September 1994
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Originally published in 1994, this was the first volume to look in depth at the way the brain responds to trauma and subsequently integrates and influences behavioural, metabolic, neurohumoral, cardiovascular and immune functions. At the time, the role of the brain in the control and integration of the responses to injury and infection was becoming increasingly clear. It had been established that some of these responses, such as fever and neuroendocrine changes, responded to the direct influence of the central nervous system. These, and other advances, provided fresh insights into this area and formed a basis for the more effective understanding and clinical management of trauma patients. In this volume, the authors, all international authorities in their fields, discuss data from experimental and clinical studies and considered the implications of these findings for the treatment of the trauma patient.
Frontmatter
- Edited by Nancy J. Rothwell, University of Manchester, Frank Berkenbosch, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- Brain Control of Responses to Trauma
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- 15 September 1994, pp i-vi
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Contributors
- Edited by Nancy J. Rothwell, University of Manchester, Frank Berkenbosch, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- Brain Control of Responses to Trauma
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- 15 September 1994, pp viii-x
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Index
- Edited by Nancy J. Rothwell, University of Manchester, Frank Berkenbosch, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- Brain Control of Responses to Trauma
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- 05 August 2016
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- 15 September 1994, pp 334-342
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Increased body-weight gain and body protein in castrated and adrenalectomized rats treated with clenbuterol
- Nancy J. Rothwell, Michael J. Stock
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 60 / Issue 2 / September 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2007, pp. 355-360
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- September 1988
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1. Daily injection of the β2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol (1 mg/kg body-weight) increased weight gain by 12% in young (35 d) male rats and by 18% in castrated rats, but had no effect on energy intake, expenditure or efficiency in either group.
2. Body fat content was not affected by clenbuterol or castration, but water and protein content were significantly increased by clenbuterol treatment in both intact and castrated rats. The ratio, body protein:fat was increased by 13 and 16% in these two groups compared with their respective, untreated controls.
3. Bilateral surgical adrenalectomy (ADX) of young (45 d) male rats significantly reduced body-weight, and energy intake, expenditure and efficiency. Carcass energy and fat contents were also reduced in ADX rats compared with age-matched controls.
4. Clenbuterol injections stimulated weight gain (% increase: intact 15, ADX 35), and increased body protein content (% increase: intact 12, ADX 8) and the ratio, carcass protein:fat (% increase: intact 34, ADX 23).
5. These findings demonstrate that the effects of clenbuterol on body-weight gain and composition in male rats occur in the absence of either gonadal or adrenal hormones. Together with other studies, these results provide further evidence to suggest that clenbuterol probably exerts its effects by a direct action on lean body mass.
Influence of environmental temperature on energy balance, diet-induced thermogenesis and brown fat activity in ‘cafeteria’-fed rats
- Nancy J. Rothwell, Michael J. Stock
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 56 / Issue 1 / July 1986
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2007, pp. 123-129
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- July 1986
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1. Young male rats were fed on a pelleted stock diet or a variety of palatable food items (‘cafeteria’ diet) and housed at 24° or 29°.
2. ‘Cafeteria’ feeding at the lower temperature stimulated energy intake, gain and expenditure, but reduced energetic efficiency such that over 70% of the excess intake was expended.
3. Housing at 29° suppressed intake and expenditure in animals on both diets, but to a greater extent in ‘cafeteria’-fed rats and energetic efficiency was greater than control values at this higher temperature.
4. The thermogenic capacity of brown fat (mitochondrial purine nucleotide binding) was increased by ‘cafeteria’ feeding, but was suppressed in animals kept at 29°.
5. The results demonstrate that diet-induced thermogenesis is inhibited by high environmental temperatures.
Is diet-induced thermogenesis an experimental artefact?
- Nancy J. Rothwell, Michael J. Stock
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 53 / Issue 1 / January 1985
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 March 2008, pp. 191-192
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- January 1985
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Effects of feeding a palatable ‘cafeteria’ diet on energy balance in young and adult lean (+/?) Zucker rats
- Nancy J. Rothwell, Michael J. Stock
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 47 / Issue 3 / May 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 June 2009, pp. 461-471
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- May 1982
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1. The effects of feeding a palatable and varied ‘cafeteria’ diet on energy balance were studied in young (5·5 week) and adult (5·5 month) lean male Zucker (+/?) rats.
2. Estimates of metabolizable energy (ME) intake derived from food composition tables were almost identical to values obtained from bomb calorimetry of foods, urine and faeces, and ME intake was elevated by approximately 73% in all ‘cafeteria’ animals compared to stock-fed controls.
3. ‘Cafeteria’ feeding had no effect on the body-weight of young rats but induced excess weight gains in the older animals and resulted in increased deposition of fat and energy in both groups. Energy expenditure, calculated from ME intake and body-energy gain, was elevated by 77 and 57% in young and adult cafeteria rats respectively. The energy cost of fat deposition could account for only a small proportion of this increased expenditure.
4. The present results confirm previous findings in another strain of rat and show that the increased energy expenditure (i.e. diet-induced thermogenesis, DIT) which occurs in response to hyperphagia is not restricted to young animals but is also seen in older rats. Measurements of resting oxygen consumption after injections of noradrenaline or a β-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol), and changes in brown adipose tissue mass are consistent with the suggestion that the DIT of ‘cafeteria’-fed rats results from sympathetic activation of brown fat.
In vivo determination of body composition by tritium dilution in the rat
- Nancy J. Rothwell, M. J. Stock
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 41 / Issue 3 / May 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2007, pp. 625-628
- Print publication:
- May 1979
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Total body water was determined in vivo by tritium dilution in thirty-two male and female rats. Body water obtained by tritium dilution and body fat calculated from this value correlated significantly with body water and fat obtained by analysis (r 0.985, 0.855 respectively). There was no significant difference between values for fat assessed by the direct and indirect methods.